Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Volume 65, Issue 3 , Pages 221-224 , 1 February 2002

Association of a CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Gene (CNR1) polymorphism with severe alcohol dependence

  • Lutz G Schmidt

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +49-6131-177335; fax: +49-6131-229974
  • ,
  • Jerzy Samochowiec

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
    • Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine, Broniewskiego 226, Pl-71-460 Szczecin, Poland
    • Department of Clinical Neurobiology University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Ulmenallee 32, D-14050 Berlin Germany
  • ,
  • Ulrich Finckh

      Affiliations

    • Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Eppendorf, Butenfeld 42, D-22529 Hamburg, Germany
  • ,
  • Ewa Fiszer-Piosik

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine, Broniewskiego 226, Pl-71-460 Szczecin, Poland
  • ,
  • Jan Horodnicki

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine, Broniewskiego 226, Pl-71-460 Szczecin, Poland
  • ,
  • B Wendel

      Affiliations

    • Genome Research, Max–Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
  • ,
  • Hans Rommelspacher

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Neurobiology University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Ulmenallee 32, D-14050 Berlin Germany
  • ,
  • Margret R Hoehe

      Affiliations

    • Genome Research, Max–Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany

Received 13 June 2000 ,Accepted 27 April 2001.

References 

  1. Childers SR, Breivogel CS. Cannabis and endogenous cannabinoid systems. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998;51:173–187
  2. Comings DE, Muhleman D, Gade R, Johanson P, Verde R, Saucier G, et al. Cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1): association with i.v. drug abuse. Mol. Psychiatry. 1997;2:161–168
  3. Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science. 1992;258:1946–1949
  4. Gadzicki D, Müller-Vahl K, Stuhrmann M. A frequent polymorphism in the coding exon of the human cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) gene. Mol. Cell. Probes. 1999;13:321–323
  5. Gerard CM, Mollereau C, Vassart G, Parmentier M. Molecular cloning of a human cannabinoid receptor which is also expressed in testis. Biochem. J. 1991;279:129–134
  6. Glue P, Nutt D. Overexcitement and disinhibition. Dynamic neurotransmitter interaction in alcohol withdrawal. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1990;157:491–499
  7. Hoehe MR, Caenazzo L, Martinez MM, Hsieh W-T, Modi WS, Gershon ES, et al. Genetic and physical mapping of the human cannabinoid receptor gene to chromosome 6q14-q15. New Biol. 1991;3(9):880–885
  8. Hoehe MR, Goldin LR, Martinez MM, Caenazzo L, Hsieh W-T, Berrettini WH, et al. Molecular genetic studies of the human cannabinoid receptor gene. World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics, New Orleans. Psychiatr. Genet. 1993;3:132
  9. Hoehe MR, Rinn T, Flachmeier C, Heere P, Kunert HJ, Timmermann B, et al. Comparative sequencing of the human CB1 cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) coding exon; no structural mutations in individuals exhibiting extreme responses to cannabis. Psychiatr. Genet. 2000;10:173–177
  10. Hungund BL, Basavarajappa BS. Are anandamide and cannabinoid receptors involved in ethanol tolerance? A review of the evidence. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000;35(2):126–133
  11. Hungund BL, Basavarajappa BS. Distinct differences in the cannabinoid receptor binding in the brain of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice, selected for their differences in voluntary ethanol consumption. J. Neurosci. Res. 2000;60(1):122–128
  12. Johnson JP, Muhleman D, MacMurray J, Gade R, Verde R, Ask M, et al. Association between the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) and the P300 event-related potential. Mol. Psychiatry. 1997;2:169–171
  13. Lander ES, Schork NJ. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science. 1994;265:2037–2048
  14. Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC, Bonner TJ. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature. 1990;346(6284):561–564
  15. Merikangas KR. The genetic epidemiology of alcoholism. Psychol. Med. 1990;20:11–22
  16. Miller SA, Dykes D, Polesky HF. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988;16:1215
  17. Noble EP, Zhang X, Ritchie TL, Sparkes RS. Haplotypes at the DRD2 locus and severe alcoholism. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2000;96(5):622–631
  18. Robins LE, Wing J, Wittchen HU, Helzer JE, Babor TF, Burke J, et al. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: an epidemiological instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1988;45:1069–1077
  19. Schmidt LG, Sander T. Genetics of alcohol withdrawal. Eur. Psychiatry. 2000;15:135–139
  20. Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Daeppen JB, Eng M, Li TK, Hesselbrock VM, et al.  Clinical relevance of the distinction between alcohol dependence with and without a physiological component. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1998;155:733–740
  21. Tanda G, Munzar P, Goldberg SR. Self-administration behavior is maintained by the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana in squirrel monkeys. Nat. Neurosci. 2000;3(11):1073–1074

PII: S0376-8716(01)00164-8

doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00164-8

Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Volume 65, Issue 3 , Pages 221-224 , 1 February 2002