Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Volume 94, Issue 1 , Pages 267-271 , 1 April 2008

Smoking predicts posttraumatic stress symptoms among rescue workers: A prospective study of ambulance personnel involved in the Enschede Fireworks Disaster

  • Peter G. van der Velden

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Psychotrauma (IvP), Zaltbommel, The Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.
    • ,
  • Rolf J. Kleber

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Psychotrauma (IvP), Zaltbommel, The Netherlands
    • Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Karestan C. Koenen

      Affiliations

    • Harvard School of Public Health, Departments of Society, Human Development, and Health & Epidemiology, Boston, USA

Received 1 May 2007 ,Revised 31 October 2007 ,Accepted 1 November 2007.

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PII: S0376-8716(07)00430-9

doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.001

Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Volume 94, Issue 1 , Pages 267-271 , 1 April 2008

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