Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Volume 108, Issue 1 , Pages 84-97, 1 April 2010

Evaluating the drug use “gateway” theory using cross-national data: Consistency and associations of the order of initiation of drug use among participants in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys☆

  • Louisa Degenhardt

      Affiliations

    • National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +61 2 9385 0230; fax: +61 2 9385 0222.
    • ,
  • Lisa Dierker

      Affiliations

    • The Methodology Center, Penn State University, PA, United States
    • Psychology Department, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT, United States
    • ,
  • Wai Tat Chiu

      Affiliations

    • Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
    • ,
  • Maria Elena Medina-Mora

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calzada Mexico Xochimilco, No. 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City, DF 14370, Mexico
    • ,
  • Yehuda Neumark

      Affiliations

    • Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, PO Box 12272, Jerusalem, Israel
    • ,
  • Nancy Sampson

      Affiliations

    • Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
    • ,
  • Jordi Alonso

      Affiliations

    • Health Services Research Unit, Institut Municipal d’Investigacio Medica (IMIM), CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
    • ,
  • Matthias Angermeyer

      Affiliations

    • Center for Public Health, Untere Zeile 13, A-3482, Gösing am Wagram, Austria
    • ,
  • James C. Anthony

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, B601 West Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States
    • ,
  • Ronny Bruffaerts

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
    • ,
  • Giovanni de Girolamo

      Affiliations

    • Regional Health Care Agency, Emilia-Romanga Region, Via Aldo Moro 21, Bologna 40127, Italy
    • ,
  • Ron de Graaf

      Affiliations

    • Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Da Costakade 45, Utrecht 3521 VS, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Oye Gureje

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan PMB 5116, Nigeria
    • ,
  • Aimee N. Karam

      Affiliations

    • St. George Hospital University Medical Center, Balamand University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy & Applied Care (IDRAAC), 166227 Achrafieh, Beirut 1100 2110, Lebanon
    • ,
  • Stanislav Kostyuchenko

      Affiliations

    • Ukrainian Psychiatric Association, 103a Frunze Street, Kiev 04080, Ukraine
    • ,
  • Sing Lee

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Flat 7A, Block E, Staff Quarters, Shatin, HKSAR, People's Republic of China
    • ,
  • Jean-Pierre Lépine

      Affiliations

    • Hospital Fernand Widal, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint Denis, Paris 75010, France
    • ,
  • Daphna Levinson

      Affiliations

    • Director Research & Planning, Ministry of Health, Mental Health Services, 2 Ben Tabal St., Jerusalem 91010, Israel
    • ,
  • Yosikazu Nakamura

      Affiliations

    • Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical School, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Japan
    • ,
  • Jose Posada-Villa

      Affiliations

    • Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, U. Javerina, Cra. 7 No. 119-14 Cons 511, Bogata, Colombia
    • ,
  • Dan Stein

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
    • ,
  • J. Elisabeth Wells

      Affiliations

    • Department of Public Health and General Practice, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
    • ,
  • Ronald C. Kessler

      Affiliations

    • Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States

Received 21 November 2008; received in revised form 1 December 2009; accepted 2 December 2009.

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☆ Supplementary information for this article is available. Please see Appendix A for more information.

PII: S0376-8716(09)00421-9

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.001

Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Volume 108, Issue 1 , Pages 84-97, 1 April 2010

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