Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Volume 111, Issue 1 , Pages 21-29 , 1 September 2010

The relationship of quality and price of the psychostimulants cocaine and amphetamine with health care outcomes

  • Tibor M. Brunt

      Affiliations

    • Drug Monitoring, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), P.O. Box 725, 3500 VJ, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 30 2959325; fax: +31 30 2971111.
    • ,
  • Margriet van Laar

      Affiliations

    • Drug Monitoring, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Raymond J.M. Niesink

      Affiliations

    • Drug Monitoring, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Wim van den Brink

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Received 13 October 2009 ,Revised 15 February 2010 ,Accepted 25 February 2010.

References 

  1. Behrman AD. Luck of the draw: common adulterants found in illicit drugs. J. Emerg. Nurs. 2008;34:80–82
  2. Bertol E, Trignano C, Di Milia MG, Di PM, Mari F. Cocaine-related deaths: an enigma still under investigation. Forensic Sci. Int. 2008;176:121–123
  3. Brownstein HH, Taylor BG. Measuring the stability of illicit drug markets: why does it matter?. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;90(Suppl 1):S52–S60
  4. Brunt TM, Rigter S, Hoek J, Vogels N, van DP, Niesink RJ. An analysis of cocaine powder in the Netherlands: content and health hazards due to adulterants. Addiction. 2009;104:798–805
  5. Callaghan RC, Cunningham JK, Victor JC, Liu LM. Impact of Canadian federal methamphetamine precursor and essential chemical regulations on methamphetamine-related acute-care hospital admissions. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;105:185–193
  6. Caulkins JP. Drug prices and emergency department mentions for cocaine and heroin. Am. J. Public Health. 2001;91:1446–1448
  7. Caulkins JP. Price and purity analysis for illicit drug: data and conceptual issues. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;90(Suppl 1):S61–S68
  8. Cole JC, Goudie AJ, Field M, Loverseed AC, Charlton S, Sumnall HR. The effects of perceived quality on the behavioural economics of alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy purchases. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;94:183–190
  9. Costa Storti C, De Grauwe P. Globalization and the price decline of illicit drugs. Int. J. Drug Policy. 2009;20:48–61
  10. Darke S, Kaye S, Topp L. Cocaine use in New South Wales, Australia, 1996–2000: 5 year monitoring of trends in price, purity, availability and use from the illicit drug reporting system. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002;67:81–88
  11. Dave D. The effects of cocaine and heroin price on drug-related emergency department visits. J. Health Econ. 2006;25:311–333
  12. Degenhardt L, Roxburgh A, Black E, Bruno R, Campbell G, Kinner S, et al. The epidemiology of methamphetamine use and harm in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008;27:243–252
  13. EMCDDA, 2007. Cocaine and crack cocaine: a growing public health issue. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Available at: <http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_93236_EN_EMCDDA_AR2009_EN.pdf> (accessed 21.06.09).
  14. EMCDDA, 2009. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Annual Report 2009. Official Publications European Communities. EMCDDA Annual Report, Available at: <http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_93236_EN_EMCDDA_AR2009_EN.pdf> (accessed 01.12.09).
  15. Gelper S, Croux C. Multivariate out-of-sample tests for Granger causality. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 2006;51:3319–3329
  16. Glauser J, Queen JR. An overview of non-cardiac cocaine toxicity. J. Emerg. Med. 2007;32:181–186
  17. Goudie AJ, Sumnall HR, Field M, Clayton H, Cole JC. The effects of price and perceived quality on the behavioural economics of alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy purchases. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;89:107–115
  18. Hyatt RR, Rhodes W. The price and purity of cocaine: the relationship to emergency room visits and death, and to drug use among arrestees. Stat. Med. 1995;14:655–668
  19. Johansen S. Likelihood-based Inference in Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Models. 1st ed.. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 1996;
  20. Knuepfer MM. Cardiovascular disorders associated with cocaine use: myths and truths. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003;97:181–222
  21. Ladroue C, Guo S, Kendrick K, Feng J. Beyond element-wise interactions: identifying complex interactions in biological processes. PLoS One. 2009;4:e6899
  22. Lange RA, Hillis LD. Cardiovascular complications of cocaine use. New Engl. J. Med. 2001;345:351–358
  23. Leikin JB, Morris RW, Warren M, Erickson T. Trends in a decade of drug abuse presentation to an inner city ED. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2001;19:37–39
  24. Lütkepohl H. New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis. 1st ed.. New York, United States: Springer-Verlag; 2006;
  25. McCance-Katz EF, Kosten TR, Jatlow P. Concurrent use of cocaine and alcohol is more potent and potentially more toxic than use of either alone—a multiple-dose study. Biol. Psychiatry. 1998;44:250–259
  26. McCann UD, Ricaurte GA. Amphetamine neurotoxicity: accomplishments and remaining challenges. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2004;27:821–826
  27. Pai SA, Lakshmi PK, Rao BC, Sahni P. Pharmaceutical companies and the third world. Lancet. 2003;361:1136–1137
  28. Pennings EJ, Leccese AP, Wolff FA. Effects of concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine. Addiction. 2002;97:773–783
  29. Peterson BS, Potenza MN, Wang Z, Zhu H, Martin A, Marsh R, et al. An FMRI study of the effects of psychostimulants on default-mode processing during Stroop task performance in youths with ADHD. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2009;166:1286–1294
  30. Ramsey JD, Butcher MA, Murphy MF, Lee T, Johnston A, Holt DW. A new method to monitor drugs at dance venues. BMJ. 2001;323:603
  31. Rodenburg G, Spijkerman R, van den Eijnden R, van de Mheen D. National prevalence research substance abuse 2005. 2007. IVO, Rotterdam. Available at: <http://www.hetccv.nl/binaries/ccv/dossiers/bestuurlijkhandhaven/drugsbeleid/cannabis/nationaal_onderzoek_middelengebruik.pdf> (accessed 07.05.09).
  32. Schifano F, Corkery J. Cocaine/crack cocaine consumption, addiction treatment demand, seizures, related offences, prices, average purity levels and deaths in the UK (1990–2004). J. Psychopharmacol. 2008;22:71–79
  33. Shearer J, Gowing LR. Pharmacotherapies for problematic psychostimulant use: a review of current research. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2004;23:203–211
  34. Smithson M, McFadden M, Mwesigye SE, Casey T. The impact of illicit drug supply reduction on health and social outcomes: the heroin shortage in the Australian Capital Territory. Addiction. 2004;99:340–348
  35. Spruit IP. Monitoring synthetic drug markets, trends, and public health. Subst. Use Misuse. 2001;36:23–47
  36. Sumnall HR, Tyler E, Wagstaff GF, Cole JC. A behavioural economic analysis of alcohol, amphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy purchases by polysubstance misusers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;76:93–99
  37. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2008. Vienna, United Nations. Available at: <http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2008/WDR_2008_eng_web.pdf> (accessed 10.09.09).
  38. Van Laar MW, Cruts AAN, Verdurmen JEE, van Ooyen-Houben MMJ, Meijer RF. The Netherlands National Drug Monitor: Annual Report 2007. Utrecht: Trimbos Institute; 2008;
  39. Vitale S, van de Mheen D. Illicit drug use and injuries: a review of emergency room studies. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;82:1–9
  40. Vogels N, Brunt TM, Rigter S, Van Dijk P, Vervaeke H, Niesink RJM. Content of ecstasy in the Netherlands: 1993–2008. Addiction. 2009;104:2057–2066
  41. Weatherburn D, Jones C, Freeman K, Makkai T. Supply control and harm reduction: lessons from the Australian heroin ‘drought’. Addiction. 2003;98:83–91
  42. Weber JE, Chudnofsky CR, Boczar M, Boyer EW, Wilkerson MD, Hollander JE. Cocaine-associated chest pain: how common is myocardial infarction?. Acad Emerg. Med. 2000;7:873–877
  43. Westover AN, McBride S, Haley RW. Stroke in young adults who abuse amphetamines or cocaine: a population-based study of hospitalized patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2007;64:495–502
  44. Williams J, Pacula RL, Chaloupka FJ, Wechsler H. College students’ use of cocaine. Subst. Use Misuse. 2006;41:489–509

PII: S0376-8716(10)00114-6

doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.023

Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Volume 111, Issue 1 , Pages 21-29 , 1 September 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution